African-American Firsts in the 18th Century

The Deadly Sins Of Christianity Is Sloth Or Laziness...

One of the deadly sins in Christianity is sloth; which essentially can be translated to acedia. Acedia can be seen as sloth or laziness making it a sin. While sloth is just one of the definitions of acedia, there can be several interpretations of the term. For instance, of the definitions of Acedia according to Charles Nault is the ability of making nonsense out of life’s actions. However, I believe we lose meaning in our actions because we over think our actions. Defining acedia aids in the process of interrogating the modern agencies that affect the world. For instance, individualism, instrumental reasoning and loses in religious faith that all be traced back to acedia. Acedia can be considered a stepping-stone for numerous modern agencies, in order to render their effects; their relationship to acedia needs to be thoroughly examined. Acedia is a broad term and can have numerous definitions. One of the ways Charles Nault defines acedia is by looking at it as loss of meaning. Nault considers that as out moral life passes we used to make â€Å"sense† out of it. However, acedia has led to us not caring about making sense of our actions. In other words, Nault believes that Acedia has made us so detached that we make â€Å"nonsense† of our life actions. While Nault interprets acedia as our ability to make nonsense out of our actions and have no meaning behind them, I believe that Acedia is making too much sense and thinking too much into each of our actions. As we are evolving ourShow MoreRelatedThe 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues2779 Words   |  12 PagesThe 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues ======================================== Overview -------- The Seven Deadly Sins, also known as the Capital Vices or Cardinal Sins, are a classification of vices that were originally used in early Christian teachings to educate and instruct followers concerning (immoral) fallen mans tendency to sin. The Roman Catholic Church divided sin into two principal categories: venial, which are relatively minor, and could be forgiven through any sacramentRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1934 Words   |  8 PagesIn Catholic doctrine, the seven cardinal sins are the basis from which all the â€Å"sins† of humanity stem. In this system, any moral infraction a person may commit would be categorized under one of these seven sins (also known colloquially as the â€Å"seven deadly sins†). This system has been widely adapted throughout culture over the centuries, and is a common tool utilized to examine the actions of humans. In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, the main character, Janie, enters into three marriages

Derivation Principle of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria Free Essays

string(49) " taxes to their central \(federal\) governments\." 1. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Revenue allocation in Nigeria has been one of the most intractable and controversial issues. Particularly, the `principle of derivation’ has been highly contentious in the country’s fiscal federalism since oil discovery in 1958. We will write a custom essay sample on Derivation Principle of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now The derivation principle seeks to allocate natural resource (say oil and gas) revenues accruable to the federation’s account[1] on the basis that is perceived to be equitable, given particular consideration to the resource-producing states and regions. Since the introduction of the principle by the then colonial administration, the formula underlying it has undergone numerous retrogressive alterations, following a pattern that has concentrated revenues with the central (federal) government. The percentage revenue due to producing states has declined from the initial 50% share to 1% in the 1990’s, and subsequently was increased again to a currently 13% share which does not reflect full offshore derived revenues. This has been considered unfair and unacceptable by the producing states especially Akwa-Ibom and Ondo states whose oil is virtually 100% offshore, which technically limits their benefits from the principle of derivation. This has resulted to the continuously seen agitations by these states for equitable share of her God given natural endowment for its effective development. The equitability proposed by the derivation principle in its original sense is of great importance because it is an instrument that can promote diversification of revenue generation streams for the country and support economic development as well as reduce the hostility in the Niger Delta and any other resource rich region in the future. States and regions with natural resource endowments other than oil and gas will now be compelled to develop these natural resource(s) and hence, benefit from the principle. Unfortunately, the principle has been highly compromised by various political and ethnocentric factors, leaving the producing states (minority) with very low percentage derivation. This paper seeks to explore this interesting subject as it analysis the derivation principle with respect to the actual expectations from it, and then present the advantages and challenges. . Chapter two defines and explains the derivation principle and the expectations that are associated with it; Chapter three presents the problems and dissatisfaction of the current derivation percentage; Chapter four presents the advantages and challenges (including the Peruvian example) of the actual principle, and Chapter five concludes. 2. CHAPTER TWO 2.1. INTRODUCTION The principle of derivation is a component of fiscal federalism and ensures that a region or state retains a certain percentage from oil tax revenues derived from the exploitation and extraction of natural resources (like oil and gas) in its territory. This revenue is calculated based on the direct contributions from a natural resource state. As it was originally practiced, after deduction of the percentage derivation, the remainder is sent to the federation’s account for onward sharing among all states. Unfortunately, today the case is different. 2.2.Brief History About the Principle of Derivation in Nigeria The principle was first open to discussion in 1946 by the Phillipson commission who regarded it as a way of making regions with natural resources benefit from their God given endowment based on contribution to the central revenue pot (Adebayo, 1988). The principle of derivation became the major basis of revenue allocation between 1954 and 1957 due to the dominance of Nigerian’s export market by the three main ethnic groups[2] especially with cocoa from the West (Anugwom, 2001). From the period of oil discovery in 1958, the percentage derivation due for mineral producing states began to decline. This trend called for concern when recommendations made by the Binns commission of 1964 rejected the principle as part of the revenue allocation formula. When the military took over power in 1966, it set up an interim committee (Dina committee) that again recommended the derivation principle due to its relevance. The committee argued that the rent from the onshore oil exploration be fully given to the state from which the extraction was made, while 10% of the royalties be shared on derivation (Ekpo, 2004). However, the military government rejected the committee’s recommendations and then enacted Decree 13 of 1970, which adopted a revenue allocation formula on the basis of 50% on equality of states and 50% on population, retaining derivation only on onshore exploration. This favoured the non-oil producing states (majority) than the producing minority. By this t ime oil contributed about 70% of the total revenue accruing to the federation’s account. The principle has continued to undergo retrogressive changes as different administrations took over power. 2.3. What is Expected Considering the evolution of the principle of derivation and the rationale behind its applicability prior to the discovery of oil in Nigeria, it is expected in a fair sense, and in the absence of true federalism in Nigeria that the principle bequeathed to us by the founding fathers be maintained. Different bodies and groups have continued to call for the original 50% derivation used in the era when groundnut from the North and cocoa from the West dominated the country’s export market. For Example, The Kaiama declaration[3] of 1998 lamented the declining trend of the percentage derivation since the discovery of oil in the Niger Delta, and called for a reverse of the principle. This is what the oil rich Niger Delta region continues to ask for, since federalism in Nigeria has become a politically manipulated practice by the power dominant majority, creating a serious barrier to the resource control agitators. The expected percentage derivation should be able to reflect positively on the citizenry under normal circumstances (checks and balances). 3. CHAPTER THREE 3.1. Current Percentage Derivation Fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a system that is practically shallow compared to the actuality of the system. When juxtaposed with practices in some federal states like Canada, Australia, USA etc, it can be rightly said that the Nigerian Practice is far from rigorous. In the above mentioned states, constituent tiers of government have exclusive (full) control over natural resources in their respective territories, but pay necessary taxes to their central (federal) governments. You read "Derivation Principle of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria" in category "Essay examples" However, Nigeria has adopted a system many now refer to as fiscal centralism (where revenue allocation and fiscal policies are left to the central government) and not the fiscal federalism (decentralised and devolved revenue allocation and fiscal policies) it so claims to practice. Despite Nigeria’s developing state, it would have been possible to maintain the expected principle, especially now that the local work force has improved. However, political sentiments have been applied in administering the percentage derivation due to natural resource producing states. This practice has indeed fall short of its expectation due to this political manoeuvring of reaping revenues to the central government; where the ethnic majority and non-oil producing states have higher control of power, and in return providing the minority and oil rich states with a token of compensation for playing host to the central government’s joint ventures with oil companies. This has become possible b ecause the 1976 constitution vest all mineral rights exclusively to the control of the federal government. The application of the principle since the country’s independence has failed to encourage and attract the development of other abundant natural resources other than oil and natural gas, as percentage derivation due to mineral producing states continue to decline. Currently, it is set at 13%, which is still insignificant, unfair and unacceptable to the agitators of resource control (Niger Delta). Although, there is an increase compared to the immediate past 1% derivation. 3.2.Problems and Dissatisfaction with the Current System A vital problem with the present percentage derivation is the lack of sound technical basis or traceable mathematical derivation formula. Rather, it is a politically imposed type of compromise between ethnocentric parties. For Example, the current 13% derivation is a mean agreed value of a political negotiation in a constitutional conference held in 1995 between propositions by dominant 8% and opposing 18% parties (Ikpatt and Ibanga, 2003). Another problem with the current percentage derivation is a constitutional one, and can be traced back to the Supreme Court ruling in 2002, where the federal government filed a suit against the littoral states at the Court requesting a resolution of the seaward margin of a littoral state within the federal republic of Nigeria for the purpose of calculating the amount of revenue accruing to the federal account directly from any natural resource obtained from that state in pursuant to Section 162(2)[4] of the 1999 constitution of the Federal republic of Nigeria. In its ruling, the apex court did sustain the plaintiff’s submission, declaring that for the purpose of calculating revenue accruing to the federal account directly from any natural resource obtained from a littoral state pursuant to section 162(2) of the 1999 constitution, the seaward margin will be the low-water mark of the land surface thereof or in specific cases (like in Cross River State) with archipelago of Island s, the seaward margin will be that of the inland waters within the state. This judgement created a total dissatisfaction to the littoral states of the Niger Delta region especially Akwa-Ibom and Ondo states whose oil resources are virtually 100% offshore (probably beyond the low-water margin and inland waters within the state), thereby tactically sidelining them from offshore derivation benefits accruable to the federation’s account. However, a Bill abolishing the offshore/onshore dichotomy ruling of the Supreme Court was signed into law by then President Obasanjo in 2004 after approval from the National Assembly. As this controversial magnanimity created applauses to the president from many Niger Delta political elites, some activists and professionals raised possible concerns about the new law (still in place). For Example, Ledum Mitee, president of the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni people (MOSOP), considers the law as a scratch on the surface of the numerous problems facing the oil-rich region, as core issues like environmental degradation, marginalization and the right of self determination and natural resource control has failed to be addressed by the new law. Furthermore, the Executive Director of the Environmental Rights Action (ERA), Mr Douglas Oronto called for clarification on the meaning of the 200 meters depth Isobaths provided by the law as the new seaward margin for a littoral state. In the sam e vein, a onetime president of the Nigerian Bar Association, Mr O. C. J. okocha (SAN) questioned the ambiguity of the new margin and in his view; it may likely make no difference from the earlier judgment of the Supreme Court in 2002 as it concerns offshore derivation to littoral states. Finally, Professor Ben Nwabueze, one of the country’s leading authority in constitutional law faulted the new law, saying what was (and is still) needed was (and is) a constitutional amendment, not an Act of parliament (Ojameruave, 2004). Another salient dissatisfaction is the too much concentration of revenues at the central level with no positive impacts on the citizenry. Since the country gained independence in 1960, revenue allocation has continued to skew in favour of the federal tier of government, which has benefited as high as about 60% and as low as 40% of oil dominated revenue shared among the three tiers of government. This high concentration has promoted wasteful spending and encouraged corruption by the politically privileged elites at the central level. In Nigeria, the federal government has hijacked responsibilities traditionally should have been under the state control, all with the aim of concentrating greater revenues at its control. Examples include responsibilities like the police, public transport, etc. Unlike Nigeria, in the Australian federation, responsibilities are well shared with the federal level responsible for taxation, defence, foreign affairs, postal and communication and the powers to make laws over states/territories. It remains a fact that the federal government of Nigeria lacks basic plans for transforming resources into meaningful developments. This explains the reasons for its political system being classified as a â€Å"do or die affair† (Awolaja, 2011). The gap between the federal government and the citizens is a major barrier on citizen’s demands for concrete development. In addition the weak and corrupt representation both in national and state levels exacerbate the condition. Increasing state derivation may help reduce dependence on the federal government’s monthly allocation; an exercise now considered a ritual that must be done. This change could likely increase the chances of accountability as government will be closer to the people, who in turn will stop at nothing to ensure their resources are rightfully channelled for equitable and meaningful development. 4. CHAPTER FOUR 4.1. Advantages and Challenges 4.2. Advantages There exist numerous benefits both to the federal and state tiers of government as well as local governments when the principle of derivation is implemented in its original sense. In the previous chapters, I have been able to highlight on some of the advantages. However, the expected principle may lead to: 4.2.1.Economic Diversification It is an obvious fact that the principle of derivation will encourage diversification of the country’s economic activities and increase revenue generation as well as reduce the prevailing revenue sharing ritual that has eating deep into the fabrics of the Nigerian system. This will only be possible when percentage derivation to mineral producing states become attractive. This could also compel non-oil producing states that are now highly dependent on the Niger Delta wealth for sustenance to develop the natural resources within its territory. 4.2.2.Human Capacity Development The cornerstone of a country’s economic success depends on how developed is the human wherewithal and competence. An economic diversification powered by the expected principle of derivation can fuel the development of human capacity of a nation, as the training and exposure of skilled professionals in the various industries which are technology driven and highly challenging, will become a necessity. 4.2.3.Investment and Job Creation Also, rapid diversification will undoubtedly lead to investment opportunities and the creation of jobs for the increasingly high rate of unemployed Nigerian youths and possibly reduce crime level in the society. 4.2.4.Proper Development The present percentage derivation has failed to reflect the needs of the local people and its governance. State and local governments should be able to handle development according to their felt needs and priorities, and not being constrained by lack of finances. Applying the derivation principle in its original sense may increase the chances of implementing programmes according to the needs and priorities of the people. For example, the Niger Delta region has continued to call for the remediation of its polluted environment whose damage came as a result of oil exploration; rather, the federal government has invested in what is not considered top priority. 4.2.5. Reduction of Hostility Despite the fact that the oil producing Niger Delta region has long been agitating for resource control, a fair percentage derivation will reduce the agitation turned hostility especially on oil installations in the region and any other region in the future. 4.3. Challenges Despite these numerous advantages, there exist various challenges to the actualization of a favourable percentage derivation. Some are: 4.3.1. Political and Capacity Problems The highly competitive but fragmented political system in Nigerian (like in Peru) coupled with the lack of checks and balances pose a major challenge to the implementation of the expected derivation principle. In terms of capacity, we believe Nigeria has come of age, but the influence of the former tends to weaken the latter. Today, we have seen some sub-national governments performing well above average in Nigeria. This is possible because these governments decided to invest in human capacity development in order to strengthen their local labour force. Unlike Nigeria, the Peruvian fiscal decentralization policy based on the system of automatic transfers to mineral producing areas failed because it never took into consideration the strength of its human capacity at the local level before implementing the policy. Despite its longer period in the mining business, conflicts with neighbouring countries on territorial issues and political interests at the local level, and short-term poli cies contributed to the failure of this fiscal policy. 4.3.2.High Dependence on Oil Proceeds It is a well known fact that oil contributes over 90% of Nigeria’s foreign earnings, and also its national budgets are predicated on the basis of yearly crude oil production and price. These dependences continues to sustain its importance and attract high political actors and interests, and also explains why oil is considered now in the country as a natural resource for all unlike the periods when groundnuts and cocoa dominated the export market. In other words, upholding the expected percentage derivation may be perceived as unleashing financial threats on the federal government and the non-oil producing states. 4.3.3.Legal Regimes The challenge posed by the country’s legal regime which is under the federal government’s control is indeed worrisome. For instance, the 1976 constitution vests mineral rights exclusively to the federal government’s control, the land use Act of 1978 and 1993, and the petroleum Act of 1969 are also legal regimes in favour of the federal government as it concerns natural resources. Repealing these repugnant laws has been faced with political manipulations from the federal government. This has always given the federal government the greater powers when it comes to the percentage derivation issue. Correcting these anomalies is highly necessary. This could explain why violence and hostility seems to be a favourable option. 4.3.4.The Game with Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria If true federalism that reflects on fiscal policies is allowed to thrive in the Nigerian polity, the problem of unfair or too much derivation as conceived by both the dominant and opposing parties will be a thing of history. This is a major challenge facing the country at this stage of its development, and correcting this will mean reducing developmental barriers and increasing the chances of attaining sustainable economic stability. 5. CHAPTER FIVE 5.1. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS The research has been able to establish the derivation principle currently in operation, and that which existed during the periods when groundnut from the North and cocoa from the West were the main sources of foreign earnings for Nigeria. It was found that the principle has been under the influence of political and ethnocentric factors, creating the much seen problems and dissatisfactions in the system. Also, analysis of various revenue allocation commissions’ recommendations prior to oil discovery in the Niger Delta indicated 50% as percentage derivation to natural resource producing regions and states. Unfortunately, this declined to a languishing 1% in the early 90’s, and currently stands at 13%. The major problem with the current system is the lack of technical base or any form of mathematical calculation. The paper has also been able to present some of the advantages and challenges of the expected percentage using Peru as an example. Finally, I consider the expected derivation principle (as opposed to resource control) as not presenting the best option for Nigeria’s economic success, but however, provides an opportunity or a pathway to getting there, especially as it can support developments in non-oil producing states and not turning them into a dependent variable as can be seen today. In order to reduce this dependence, the government should apply for a start (say 3 to 5 year term) a derivation of not less than 25% of direct revenues gotten from the exploration and the exploitation of natural resources of a producing state, with no first line charge of any kind from the federal government. At the expiration of the proposed term, a review can be made to ascertain the level of success achieved before further steps are taking. However, the country’s main focus should be on establishing a true federalism that reflects fiscal autonomy and independence of the constituent tiers of government, while the federal government concentrates more on its tax functions. This I believe will open the doors for rapid economic development in Nigeria. BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES 1976 and 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria SECONDARY SOURCES BOOKS Adebayo, A. G; (1988) â€Å"Revenue allocation: A Historical Analysis of the Nigerian Experience† In: Olaniyan, R. O; (ed) Federalism in a Changing World (Nigeria). (Lagos, Nigeria: The Presidency) INTERNET SOURCES Aluko, M. E; (2002) â€Å"Revenue Allocation and the Nigerian State: Of Derivation, Dichotomy and Debt Issues† at http://www.dawodu.com/aluko16.htm (last Visited on 28th June, 2011) Anugwom, E. E; (2001) â€Å"Federalism, Fiscal Centralism and the Realities of Democratisation in Nigeria: The Case of the Niger Delta† at http://www.unesco.org/most/crossroadsedl.htm (last visited on 28th June, 2011) Arellano-Yanguas, J; (2008) â€Å"A Thorough Modern Resource CurseThe New Natural Resource Policy Agenda and the Mining Revival in Peru at http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp300.pdf (last visited on 25th July, 2011) Arowolo, D; (2011) â€Å"Fiscal Federalism in [email protected] Theory and Dimension† at http://onlineresearchjournals.com/aajoss/art/64.pdf (last visited on 28th June, 2011) Awolaja, A; (2011) â€Å"Nigeria and Challenges of Fiscal Federalism, In: Nigerian Tribune of 19th May, 2011† at http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/politics/22172-nigeria-and-challenges-of-fiscal-federalism (last visited on 28th June, 2011) Centre for the Future State; â€Å"How do Natural Resource Revenues Affect the Quality of Public Spending in Developing Countriesat http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/FutureState/CFS_resource_revenues_and_fiscal_governance.pdf (last visited on 24th July, 2011) Ejobowah, J. B; (2000) â€Å"Who Owns the OilThe Politics of Ethnicity in the Niger Delta of Nigeria† at http://www.jstor.org/pss/4187306 (last visited 27th June, 2011) Ekpo, A. H; (2004) â€Å"Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations: The Nigerian Experience† at http://www.ffc.co.za/conf/papers/nigeria-igfr.pdf (last visited on 29th June, 2011) Ikpatt, C; and Ibanga, N. H; (2003) â€Å"Nigeria’s Mineral Resources: A Case for Resource Control† at http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/narticles/nigeria_mineral_resources_a_case.htm (last visited on 1st July, 2011) Ojameruaye, E; (2004) â€Å"The Offshore/Onshore Oil Dichotomy Abolition Act- Matters Arising† at http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/oarticles/offshoreonshore_oil_dichotomy_ab.htm (last visited on 27th June, 2011) Ojo, E. O; (2010) ‘The Politics of Revenue Allocation and Resource Control in Nigeria: Implications for Federal Stability’ at http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:fVOo0BDFwDMJ:scholar.google.com/+The+Politics+of+Revenue+Allocation+and+Resource+Control+in+Nigeria:+Implications+for+Federal+Stability%E2%80%99hl=enas_sdt=0,5as_vis=1 (last visited on 29th June, 2011) Tuodolo, F; and Kaiser-Wilhelm, T. O; (1998) â€Å"The Kaiama Declaration† at http://www.unitedijawstates.com/kaiama.html (last visited on 14th July, 2011) Uche, C. U; and Uche, O. C; (2004) â€Å"Oil and the Politics of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria† at http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:6XmkQeNCqdEJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi%3D10.1.1.135.3436%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf+oil+and+the+politics+of+revenue+allocation+in+nigeriahl=engl=ukpid=blsrcid=ADGEESi2zBl_n5yX0t76JotakM73xR4TWkn1y5k9adXeo7u2gLWBwjb6xtE_ZB63ZlnYRdd79rvvorofWlQB8PU_B-2piuX1eiJOt3ge6WFJZ5h9B2TzNs0SnMi06erq9LLBm8xPd1h4sig=AHIEtbQ30QoHjmLsMe4wf05fVfKwDTVcFw (last visited on 30th June, 2011) World Bank; (2001) State and Local Governance in Nigeria at http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/5783/State_and_Governance_Nigeria.htm (last visited on 27th July, 2011) How to cite Derivation Principle of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria, Essay examples

Computerized Enrollment System Sample Essay Example For Students

Computerized Enrollment System Sample Essay 1. 1 Background of the StudyRegistration System is a good illustration of a computing machine generated procedure. This can decrease the work load and provides accurate information needed of the school. As a consequence. it will profit non merely the pupil but the disposal as a whole. Registration System is really indispensable in a school. It is composed of a manual system. Directress used manual system in entering and recovering student’s information. She besides has information about student’s payment. In fact. she does all the record maintaining merely by utilizing ballpen and columniform sheet. On the other manus. Registrar Department besides used manual system as a manner of recording and recovering pupil information. Moonwalk National High School located at St. Mary Street cor. Daang Batang Street. San Agustin Village. Barangay Moonwalk. Paranaque City. Philippines. Classs are by and large big. averaging greater than 2000 pupils. The module works on such absorbin g subjects as practical world. parallel calculating. embedded applications. Internet engineerings and multimedia. They have own Enrollment System that can supply information to the pupils. 1. 2 Statement of the ProblemSince the Moonwalk National High School former Dr. Arcadio National High School was built. the enrollees of the school were increasing annually. The instructors of the school were taking so much clip to hive away the students’ information and to corroborate the subdivisions of every pupil. 1. 3 Statement of PurposeThe aim of this survey is to assist the Moonwalk National High School on their registration system to be more productive and effectual manner so the staffs or instructors on this school can hive away the information of the pupils in more easy and lesser mistakes. So the school must hold it because. it can assist more on their registration system by our proposed computerized system. 1. 4 Scope and Restriction The Computerized Enrollment System will let all the staffs or instructors to add the record or informations of new enrollee pupils. Those pupils that have been dropped out. kicked out or transferred into other school can cancel their informations or certificates. The plan will besides supply an edit button to alter the information of the pupils if some mistakes were made. The restriction of the plan we’re traveling to make can merely run in Microsoft Operating System. Program can non be used online and the school forces can run the plan. 1. 5 Definition of Footings Registration System –Computerized Registration System –Advocates – Chapter II 2. 1 School Profile2. 2 Review of Related Literature 2. 1 School ProfileMoonwalk National High School is a municipal public school. It has 4 secondary degrees with 13 subdivisions in 4th twelvemonth. 12 subdivisions in 3rd twelvemonth. 14 subdivisions in 2nd twelvemonth and 15 subdivisions for the 1st twelvemonth degree. The School was once named as Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School. It was founded in 2005 and is located at Saint Mary’s st. Cor. Daang batang st. . Moonwalk. Paranaque City. The Moonwalk National High School is now doing a new edifice because of the averaging about 65 pupils in every room and for the pupils who want to be provided a good quality of instruction by the school. 2. 2 Review of Related LiteratureComputerized Registration System PES unit IIA simple school that will hold a computerized registration system. The pupils or parents will make full up information for application for so will travel to the counsel councilor so the counsel councilor will type the information about the pupil. If the pupil has a information in the school it will update the recorded information of the pupil. If the pupil is a new enrollee in the school it will automatically recorded by the computerized system. .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db , .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .postImageUrl , .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db , .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:hover , .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:visited , .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:active { border:0!important; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:active , .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: non e; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac3c10f31dfdd2c1ebacd0b85c86f6db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Performing Arts Paper Essay

Towards safe boats and joyful picnics Essay Example

Towards safe boats and joyful picnics Essay Last week, coffee mug in hand, I idly stretched for the morning newspaper. The Thursday morning headlines on the local daily screamed at me† Fifteen kids, three teachers perish in boating tragedy at Thattekkad, Ernakulam†. God Lord, this couldn’t be happening in my own backyard, Kerala, with its tropical green cover, popular in tourist parlance as â€Å" God’s own country†, with its languid lakes, verdant backwaters! Little did I realize that my own state, my idyllic paradise, had a rather abysmal track record in observing even basic safety norms, in surface and water transport.In hindsight, all accidents leave us with scarred, benumbing thoughts on how it could all have   been avoided. As one read intently through the report, it struck me that a totally callous disregard for simple, straightforward safety norms, had invited the tragedy.On a pleasant Wednesday evening, what started off as a simple,merry ride down Periyar river, swiftly turned in to a nightmarish experience. About 100 schoolchildren and 12 staff members,were packed like sardines hurriedly on board three boats, which were floating contraptions, an apology for safe cruise vessels. Even though the vessels had a permit for cruising on river, the boat that met with the accident, lacked a mandatory certificate of safety. While the permitted capacity of the boat was around 15, it carried 37 passengers. The cruise extended well beyond the permitted time limit of 6’oclock. As and when the tragedy unfolded, late in to the evening, with poor lighting, rescue and relief operations became increasingly difficult. The unkindest cut was in the shocking absence of proper onboard safety equipment like liferaft, dinghy or buoys, which would have aided survival! For the picnic party, it was the final leg of a joyous one-day picnic. Mid stream, as the first sign of a leak developed, panic set in and the boat sank in no time in to a deep trench, a grim reminder of illegal san d- mining on the riverbed. It is a cruel irony that man and nature collectively conspired to provide a watery grave to 18 innocent, precious lives, that fateful day.This tragedy leaves more questions unanswered for me, as a professional associated with the safety department of   a transport organization. The booming tourism industry in my state has mushroomed in to many unorganized sub sectors in the hospitality   business, spawning in its wake, many unprofessional players who cut corners, while complying with basic safety norms. At the policy level, the need of the hour is for a   Surface and water tourism safety board, which would frame   comprehensive legislation for all river and lake bound vessels. All drivers should possess a competency certificate, besides emergency troubleshooting skills certificate. Perhaps it is time for the state authorities also to frame safety guidelines to be observed during school picnics and excursions, involving an extra risk dimension, say, ride on a boat or trekking in the woods etc. Otherwise, the heart-rending sight of a disconsolate dad, weeping over his dear departed twin daughters, a poignant photograph that brought a lump in every throat and a tear in every eye , would continue to haunt us for long. In any business, as in hospitality and tourism, it is safety first and foremost, forever.

Essay Sample on Work and Motivation

Essay Sample on Work and Motivation Considering todays scenario of a fast paced lifestyle, skyrocketing expenses and the constant struggle for a decent survival, money seems to be the only answer and the only driving force. The sole aim of education is to provide a sense of independence to an individual, but independence in the present context is not limited to making ones own decisions or solving mortal problems- it largely relates to the monetary capacity of a person and the ability to sustain himself and his family with regard to materialistic comforts and needs. What motivates a person to frantically look for employment, bear the brunt of bosses and stick to a boring job that requires long working hours and exhausting responsibilities? Most often the factor involved is the money! Although some people may have professional or personal interests in a particular job profile, the M-factor tops the list of priorities. Contemporary authors have defined the concept of motivation in many different ways. Motivation has been defined as: the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction , a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs and an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need . Lindner describes motivation as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. For effective and smooth functioning of any organization (big or small), it is necessary that each employee is motivated enough to satisfy his/ her job responsibilities. Motivated employees are more productive and diligent because they are confident that their hard work and efforts will reap them fair remuneration and a handsome salary and cash bonus is always appreciated! Motivation is in actuality a result oriented phenomenon based on the reward system . Favorable rewards and returns undoubtedly induce a positive effect on the efforts and efficacy of an individual. As a result, employees tend to repeat behaviors that produce a positive outcome and avoid those which have produced a negative outcome in their experience . It is also stipulated that motivation factors change in priority as an individual scales up the career ladder and reaches a point when monetary aspects gradually lose importance and are succeeded by professional and creative satisfaction . This research further supports the fact that monetary factors are of primary concern to any worker and that other requirements like job satisfaction , creativity come into play only after the primary need is successfully met.

Reflection on Plasticized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on Plasticized - Essay Example The pollutants become part of organs of the fish which are then consumed by humans.Chelsea conducted a lab test where she confirmed that plastics do have disruptive effects on the bodies of fish where it can not only affect their organs it also effects their endocrine system, thereby halting their reproductive systems. As per her research work, she says plastics don’t biodegrade they photo-degrade, that is, the sun breaks them down into smaller and smaller pieces and this happens only out at sea. A perception is that plastic will degrade automatically just like all other organic material that is used for packaging, while plastic never biodegrades. Most of the world which is a contributor to production and consumption of plastic is unaware that plastic will not finish off on its own, it will require optimum conditions created by human beings to become unavailable. Dr Marcus explains that his research has only covered a teaspoon of plastic on the ocean floor since the trawl was trawling only a small surface area. The ocean covers 2/3rd of the earth and sieving through a small area also brought out results. The results are relevant in terms of the micro-organisms that inhabit the surface and the fishes that feed on the surface. These fishes are eventually foddered for bigger fishes which become human food. The plastic and its components affect humans through the food chain. In effect, we create our own problem. Most of the team agree that damage control is the solution rather than cleaning the sea.

Nursing Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Theories - Essay Example Several factors are associated with the HPM, namely; the lifestyle, psychological status, socio-cultural traits, general outlook, and biological factors. The relationships between variables are outlined in the figure below. The HPM is based on an input-outcome structure – one that is mainly dependent on the inputs by the individual to determine the expected outcomes. This type of structure makes it easy to track the impacts of an intervention on the overall health of a group since the levels of input can be matched to corresponding output levels. The assumptions for the model are: These assumptions are based on philosophical values of the individual. HPM can be generalized to different studies, including the present case of lack of the important perinatal care and accompanying education in the correctional facilities. Ricketts, D. (2014). What is the health promotion model? – Definition and theory. Retrieved from http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-health-promotion-model-definition-theory.html (Accessed 7th February,

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Final exam - Essay Example To undertake the responsibilities charged to the army, the US government deploys large military troops to maintain law and order as well as ensure that all the activities under the US control are run efficiently. According to the international law, the occupying powers in the stated territories should take all the measures within their power to restore law and order and to ensure that the safety of the public is maintained (Moten 157). One of the goals and objectives that the US military is supposed to accomplish in their services is the general protection of human life, through the implementation of the humanitarian law which protects human beings against life violation through murder, torture or inhuman treatment (Moten 179). They also uphold the humanitarian law by protecting the citizens from being taken hostages and ensuring that the personal dignity of the citizens is guaranteed. The US military also accomplishes the objective of caring for the sick and ailing people by providi ng food and medicine. The military ensures that the sick are collected and cared for, and that food and medical supplies are availed where they are inadequate. Another objective the US military accomplishes through Iraq and Afghanistan is applying adequate forces and correct procedures to enhance the prosecution of criminals involved in the violation of human rights (Moten 183). What type of government would be recommended in a non western nation? If asked to develop a government in a non western developing nation, I would recommend the establishment of a democratic government. Democracy means a rule by the people where the people govern. A democratic government is where the people are given a chance to elect the leaders of their choice to represent them. This type of government will allow the citizen to be directly involved in government decisions, an act which is not common in monarchy, dictatorial and communism systems. Unlike other forms of government such as dictatorial, commun ism and monarchy, democracy also ensures the change of government without violent behaviors. To prevent monopoly in the ruling authorities as practices in a monarchy and dictatorship governments, a democratic government allows elections after certain periods of time to ensure change of authority. Unlike in the other forms of governments, a democratic government gives the people a sense of pride having participated in the choosing of their ruling authorities (Moten 98). Democratic governments however have the disadvantage because the citizens may make the wrong choices while electing their leaders due to influence by the majority. What could be the reason why countries that are not democratic governments go to wars with each other? Unlike the democratic government where the citizens elect the leaders of their choice, countries practicing forms of government such as dictatorship, monarchy and communism are subjected to one kind of leadership. In dictatorship governments, the authority is held by one person who rules according to his beliefs. Dictatorship may lead to internal wars due to differences in the views of the leadership approach. In a communist type of government, all the economic activities are controlled by the central government. This may cause internal conflicts due to lack of economic independence by other citizens. A reason for conflicts in the communist government could be the scrabble for resources such as minerals and cash

Tescos Marketing and Expansion Strategy Analysis

Tescos Marketing and Expansion Strategy Analysis With contemporary society of fluctuating customer preferences, dynamic market, shifting competition, reforming government, advanced technologies, change in economies, and transforming demography, it is not questionable why companies need to establish new policies, workforce environment, and particularly business strategies. However, it is questionable on how, where, and in what way they are able to improve their strategy paradoxes in order to create a unique selling point or competitive advantages to be outstanding in today and future national and international business markets. Thus for any firm, setting up new strategies is a must and given. Thats why companies need to persistently be aligned with their surrounding environments, either by responding to outside situations, or by proactively forming the commerce that they are operating. Hence, the right and outstanding strategies will be made for the right time and situations. This essay will then discuss about strategies used by Tesco in participating more actively in the national and international market. However before going to Tescos strategies, lets take a look at what is strategy? and strategy characteristics. What is strategy? A strategy is the systematic plan of action and scopes of a business which is designed to achieve benefits for the business through its available configuration of resources within a competitive atmosphere, to meet the needs of consumers preferences and markets and as well as to satisfy shareholder expectations. Strategy Characteristics Strategy has three characteristics according to Wit, B, D Meyer, R (2005) process, content, and context. They are the most important distinction that can be recognised in daily-life strategic obstacle situation. Strategy Process: The process is to get involved with the strategy of who, how, and when how should or is, strategy be created, analyzed, invented, formulated, applied, shifted, and managed; who get involved; and when do the essential actions take place? Strategy Content: The result of the above process is the strategy content. In terms of a query, the strategy content is related to the strategy of what what should be or is the strategy for the corporation and its every single constituent unit? Strategy Context: The result of strategy content and strategy context is referred to strategy context. Talked in terms of a question, the context evolves with the strategy of where where are the strategies process and content embedded in a firm? II/. Tesco Summary Tesco is a public limited company and is the largest retailer in the U.K, while it is the third largest in the world. Tesco has roughly 4,000 stores in 14 countries. It was found by Jack Cohen in 1919. The company headquarter is in Delamere Road, Cheshunt, and Hertford shire, Britain. David Reid is Tesco chairman along with Sir Terry Leahy as a chief executive. The key goods of Tesco are customer products, Groceries, telecom, and financial services. The firm revenue is  £56.910bn in 2010 and its operating profit is  £3.457bn. History: The Coming to Life of Britains Largest Supermarket Tesco came to life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stand and made his profit of  £1 from sales of  £4 on his first day. Five years later, 1924, Cohen established first brand of Tesco when he purchased a shipment of tea from a Mr T. E Stockwell and in 1929 Cohen opened Tesco stores flagship. In 1930 a headquarter and warehouse were built as the brand went on its rise, and two years later Tesco turned into a private limited firm. Tescos stock exchange with a share price of 25p was floated in 1947. The expansion of Tesco became stronger as it bought 70 Williams stores in the 1950s along with 200 Harrow stores and in the 1960s, 97 Charles Philips stores and Victor Value chain were purchased by Tesco. The Guinness Book of Records recorded a Tesco store in Leicester as the biggest store in Europe in 1961. The next 13 years, the first petrol stations of Tesco were launched and became the biggest independent petrol retailer in the U.K. By 1979 the Tescos sales reached  £1 billion and twice the amount to  £2 billion in three years. A Tescos slogan was launched in 1992 as every little helps, and followed Tesco Clubcard in 1995, which provided a competitive edge to overcome the UKs biggest food retailer, Sainsbury. And still in the 1990s, 24-hour service was introduced and long with the overseas expansion. A Tesco website, www.tesco.com, was launched in 2000 while it expanded its products rang like clothes, electrical and personal finance goods. In the next 4years, Tesco stepped into broadband market. And two years later, the company announced to run its business in the U.S under the name of Fresh and Easy. Moreover, on 23 February, 2008 the sales rose to  £51.8bn and pre-tax income increased to  £2.8bn. In the same year, Tesco became the only supermarket that was every single postcode area in the U.K when it purchased rival Somerfield stores on remote islands in Scotland. In 2009, www.tesco.com/clothes was introduced and Clubcard was re-launched to double up customers vouchers. Finally in 2010, the firm ran the worlds first zero-carbon supermarket in Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, and also the first Lifespace mall in China. Strategy According to Data Monitor, food retailing analysts stated that: The strategy of Sainsbury is far behind Tesco. Tesco has become a strong core and rapidly grew international stores in the U.K. Meanwhile, it developed good non-food sales, increased retailing services and took advantages of e-commerce effectively. The achievements of Tesco in the recent years have mainly come from the change to higher margin non-food merchandise, expanding overseas branches, and forming a strong UK key business. Low prices, cultivating consumer loyalty, providing a wide range of distinct store concepts and improving retailing services, like insurance and banking, were the companys main successes in competing with the rivals locally and internationally. Furthermore, the firm concentrates on non-food products, which has led to wondering whether it is fair to compare between other grocery shops and Tesco at all as it appears to have grown to be a consumer goods firm. On 22 October, 2002 Tesco chairman David Reid made the declaration in a conference held at the annual institute of Grocery Distribution that: You cannot save your way to prosperity. Growth is vital to shareholder, employees and suppliers. Growing investment is the heart of Tescos strategy. This asset does not simply come from investing back profit. In January 2004, Tescos new shares of 315m were placed to raise funds of  £773m. By doing do, the company was able to pay off the debenture. At the same year on March the company declared to make a joint venture with Topland, a property group, to release the money of  £650m from its UK property portfolio. However, Tescos credit was rated very low due to its borrowing money for expanding the company. Core UK Business From a Tescos preliminary statement of account in 2004, Tesco considers the below points: For a further investment is to improve price position. The total of  £140m in January 2006 is the most recent cost campaigns to improve the company position as Britains best value retailer. For instance, during a general price deflation in 2000, the deflation was between 2-3%, while Tesco was able to deflate the price nearly between 4-7%. During 2003 and 2004, 21 extra stores were opened, of which 13 were the expansions and the rest were new which gives a total of 83. Evidences show that customers love the Express stores, and the firm has increased share of convenience market to 5.9%. Tesco Express stores are the key to further and continued success as executives look to employ the street corner strategy by building more Express stores. The sparkling growth of the business has stemmed from the expense of competitors, particularly Safeway and Sainsbury. Their battle is to detain customers. And the other UK retailers just have no ability to challenge on both store structures and price. Suppliers, researchers, and farmers have mentioned a Tesco strategy that the company does not widely broadcast exploiting the companys monopoly (or to use a more precise terminology, oligopsony) position to decrease the price paid to suppliers. Thus, Tesco does not obtain profit from costumers, but also from suppliers. The Tesco Approach This is the final plank in the firms strategy To create value for our customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty. The two values of the company are: We treat people the way we like to be treated, and No one tries harder than we do for customers. Nevertheless, these two values are selectively applied to shareholder and consumers rather than smaller rivals and farmers. Major changes in lifestyle patterns are fundamental achievement of Tescos ongoing success. Tesco has taken advantage and responded to changes in lifestyle since the inception of the company over the 80 years. Those changes are: more women go into workplace, bigger disposable profit, the arrival of the weekly shop, fewer meal of family cook, and cheap food policy adopted after the Second World War by Britain. Tescos Strategy vs Porter Diamond Model Porter diamond model is an approach designed to get insightful of competitive position of a business in global markets. a/. Demand Conditions The demand factor with respect to production scale is one major issue in this theory. Generally, the productions scale relies on the needs and wants of consumers for the products or brands. In London, 70% of Tescos own brand is highly proffered and ordered by people due to the cheap price strategy of Tesco besides having finest quality in food items such as cake, bread and so on, and non-food products such as 14.95 euro of Tesco Ireland CD compared with over 20 euro of competitors HMV Ireland or Golden Discs selling the same goods. b/. Related and Supporting Industries The second competitive advantage of Tesco is that the firm has related industries that are competitive globally like Wal Mart, throughout advanced aspects like communication infrastructure, modern and skilled labour, and research facilities, and technological know-how. c/. Factor Endowments Tesco has fundamentally gained competitive edge through sophisticated labour and etc as mentioned in Related and Supporting Industries. Finance, insurance, digital services, entertainment services, broadband, phone, clothes, health and beauty, and media products are example of those competitive advantages. Moreover, a wide range of Tesco brand non-food products including Finest ranges and non-food Value are sold perfectly. Meanwhile the selling of these non-food goods is quite high in Ireland. CDs are the best instances which are the results of Tescos technological know-how, communication infrastructure, and research facilities. d/. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Tesco has gained this fourth attribute to create unique selling point. Initially, Tescos superior technology of checkouts and stock control system has led the company to the success and expansion over the rivalries. Strategy: The growth of the company over the last two decades has been related to the strategic and image transformation. Its prior achievement is because of an approach, Pile it high, sell it cheap from Jack Cohen. The method was overtaken by the company during 1995. There are main reasons for the success like an inclusive offer and customer focus. In addition the company has another four-pronged method: non-food business, international, core UK business, and retailing services. Structure: The stores in the U.K have been separated into 6 formats based on their structure, which is differentiated by the stores size and range of goods sold. Tesco Extra: is chain of mostly out-of-town hypermarkets. Tesco Hypermarket: is a superstore with a combination of a department store and a supermarket, which gives a very big retail facility with a broad range of goods in one roof. Tesco Metro: is a store that has size between Tesco Express and Tesco stores. The store generally is located on high streets of small town and city centre with typical size of 12,000 square feet. Tesco Express: is a store that is neighbourhood convenience store. It has chiefly food with higher-margin goods owing to the lack of economic scale. Tesco One Shop: is a Tesco only format in Britain which has no the name of Tesco in its name and consists of some of the smallest stores. Tesco Homeplus: is a non-food store. Rivalry: Tesco has Asda, Safeway, and Sainsbury as its domestic competitor. However, these rivals allow Tesco to be a better international challenger since the firm runs the business internationally. Case Study: Tesco in Pakistan Before entering its market in Pakistan, Tesco has used an environmental scanning technique to examine Pakistan information for strategic purposes. First of all, a Tesco study has shown that Pakistan has a high per-capita income which they are able to afford products from Tesco, and so it assists to rise in the employment rate. Meanwhile, the national GDP rate is 5.8%. Thus, people would prefer to purchase various products under one roof in affordable price when they get monthly salaries. Plus, Pakistan is an Islamic country which permits the retailer to sell excluding only alcoholic products that are banned legally. The country political environment is favourable since the rise of Tesco will help the government to raise tax revenue and the intervention of the government will assist the company to process effectively. For Pakistani culture, it offers Tesco a good demand condition as Pakistani people are influenced to get work done as soon as possible, so the Tesco takes the advantage to offer a wide range of products such as grocery, clothing and etc under one roof. The most benefit thing for Tesco is that there is only competitor in Pakistan, Metro which has small market share. Therefore, Tesco has an opportunity to obtain more shares because Tesco will aim all income levels of consumers. Finally, Tesco has chosen a strategy called Greenfield strategy (a strategy that is to enter new market without the help from local business) since the company doesnt need help from local firms as it has only one competitor with small share in the hand. More importantly, the adoption of Greenfield is because the Tesco needs to begin from scratch in Pakistan. For marketing, Tesco would adapt pull strategy, a strategy that spends highly on advertising and customer promotion to build demand and loyalty of customers on a product. Lastly, Tesco chooses two type of financing: 70% from equity financing and 30% from debt financing. Tescos strategy vs Global Strategy The growth and strength of Tesco do not depend only on real within the United Kingdom, but also internationally. When local opportunities have turned less, the company started its expansion over global like the other giant retailers. The rapid gains over Central Europe and Asia and a considerable market share have come from its effective strategy. The main solution to success of Tesco is to lie in its global strategy, in which the company mixes global management in many areas and domestic responsiveness. Tescos tactic generally is to purchase an existing retail chain, or an important share of one, and transform it to subsidiary of Tesco. After that, the company can start the usual strategies by aggressively competing price, undercutting local businesses, selling petrol, creating Clubcard to build customer loyalty, opening 24 hours service and so forth. For its international stores, Tesco prefers large hypermarkets since it is easier to obtain planning permission for these stores in most countries than in the UK. These hypermarkets concentrate on non-food products. According to David Hughes, professor of agribusiness and food marketing, claims that: Retailers from rich countries look for five characteristics in countries high population growth, big population, consumers levels of GDP edging per capita, high growth of income, and poor supermarket presence. With these five characteristics, giant retailers would step their businesses into those countries. Thats why Tesco focuses its expansion to Ex-Soviet nations and South East Asia rather than going to West Europe countires. Case Study: Tesco in Thailand In 1998 Tesco stepped into Thailand by purchasing a great amount of stoke in the Thai-owned Lotus chain of convenience locations. And Thailand was the first south-east Asian country that Tesco ran its business in a large scale, and 31% of Thai market had been captured by Tesco by the end of 2002. Moreover, Tesco Express stores are attached to Exxon Mobil petrol stations. During 2004, the retailer plans to capture the remaining stake in Tesco Lotus. Tesco wanted to point out that it would be sourcing produce domestically, generally gaining the domestic economy, and providing local people jobs. The company also plans to help Thailand local suppliers to access local and global markets, and sell to multinational companies by offering them to develop and improve their service and quality standard. As usual technique, Tesco is very proud of its price cutting technique in South East Asia. There is slogan from Tesco: Like in the UK and Europe, we perform price campaigns to distribute to invincible value for our customers. This seems like declaring a war of opening hour and prices and the local retailers cannot possibly challenge with Tesco strategies. However, Tescos main competitors are not local retailers, but international retailers such as Carrefour and Wal-Mart, and domestic ones that suffer as a result of simply collateral damage. III/. Recommendations The strategies implemented by Tesco both local and international strategies work effectively in competing the local and global markets. For local business, Tesco seems to have a very higher strategy compared to Asda, Safeway, Sainsbury, and other biggest retailers in the UK. Its main four strategies are: non-food approach, retailing services, international strategy, and a strong UK core business. However, its international markets still seem to have troubles as a Tescos bitter experience in France (business collapse). Moreover, the company have too many corporate crime and global activities on the countries it is operating. For example, in Thailand, Tesco was taken to court as it exploited suppliers. It was found guilty on charging slotting fees to carry producers goods, charging suppliers fee of entry, advertising costs and goods show costs, and displaying own-brand items close to similar branded items. If we go to Ireland, we will see that Tesco has been fined by the country govern ment over below cost price selling products which the company tried to undercut other traders. In addition, it has been fined for selling certain goods at a lower in the UK than in Ireland. Plus, Tesco workers in Ireland, in 2001, went on strike due to under payment. Tescos workers received $4.85 per hour, while the union stated 20p to 25p lower than salaries paid by Tesco rivals. Hence, in order to compete with the world largest retailer, Wal-Mart, and to participate more actively in international markets, Tesco needs to improve the poor areas such as the dependence on the UK grocery market, high fossil fuel cost needed to use in transportation network and etc. Suggestion: To improve those poor areas, Tesco should improve market development strategy and product development. Strategic Alliances and Join Developments (Market Development Strategy): By expanding its international markets, Tesco should choose options of global alliances with local markets. This can be considered as a strategy of improvement and can be formed to take advantage current competence and resources. When forming partnerships or joint ventures, Tesco is able to gain and extend its local knowledge and operating expertise of the partner, meanwhile it can include its own supply chain, goods improvement and stores performing skills to distribute a better shopping experience to consumers. By doing so, it can obtain a bigger economic scale and bigger presence of market. Diversification (Product Development): According to schools and Johnson (2003), business environmental changes may create demand for new products and services, while the matrix of Ansoff recommends that a product development strategy needs to be carefully thought by management of a firm, if they want to develop new products for the existing markets. Thus, Tescos expansion and diversification of products mix, the company has to implement internal improvement when new products are built. Moreover, Tesco needs to consider the relation between portfolio diversity and the rationale of the corporate strategy. Thus, Tesco is able to introduce new product lines followed by changes of needs and wants of customers. But this may need more concentration on RD, guiding to additional expense. Supermarket industry understands overcapacity and innovative goods and services that are being the main competitive edge. Thus, a Tescos key driver for product development is innovation. Tesco, for instance, has many formats of stores in the UK and each format is to provide different convenience to shoppers. Therefore, Tesco can create portfolio of different formats for international markets like Far Eastern and Eastern Europe whose stores are hypermarket. By doing so, Tesco can develop the uniqueness of value added which lead to command a premium price. Plus, Technological management of innovations is related to decision-making, so Tesco must exploit the internal powers and reduce internal weaknesses to accomplish sustained unique selling point. IV/. Conclusion Strategies implemented by Tesco are very successful in terms of both national and international strategies. With its effective business strategies such as the Tesco approach, pile it high, sell it cheap, global strategy and etc, they have turned Tesco into the biggest retailer in the UK by overtaking Asda, Sainsbury and other giant retailers, and also made Tesco to become the worlds third largest retailer after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. For the local challenge, Tesco has competitive advantage over all retailers in the UK. Its four outstanding strategies are: non-food approach, retailing services, international strategy, and a strong UK core business. However, to challenge the world number one and number two retailers, Wal-Mart and Carrefour, and to attend more actively in international markets are troubles to challenge. Thus, Tesco needs to reform and improve its poor business strategies and areas. In order to improve those weaknesses, two solutions are suggested: Strategic Alliances and Join Developments (Market Development Strategy) and Diversification (Production Development). Book References: Mintzberg, H, Lampel, J, Quinn, J, B Ghoshal, S (2003) The Strategy Process. 4th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Sadler, P (2003) Strategic Management. 2nd ed. Great Britain The United States: Kogan Page Limited. Wit, B, D Meyer ,R (2005) Strategy Synthesis. 2nd ed. London: Thomson Learning. Web References: Recruitment and Selection. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 04 February, 20100] A History of Tesco: The Rise of Britains Biggest Supermarket. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 04 February, 2011] Shoaib, R Final Project of Business Policy. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 04 February, 2011] Our History. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011] (2005) Tesco Case. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011] (2004) Tesco. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011] Strategic Planning: Tesco. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011]

Right Before My Very Eyes :: Vision Brain Seeing essays

Right Before My Very Eyes "I'll believe it when I see it:" is one of many common catch phrases included in our every day vernacular. A person who declares this is asserting that they will not be fooled by another's assumptions or perceptions of the world. This understanding raises a great sense of security within us, concerning the things that we do see, and inversely, an unavoidable sense of insecurity in those beliefs that are not supported by vision. Do you believe in Ghosts? Angels? Out of body experiences? Would you believe if you could see them? Maybe not. But it is possible to offer those who are withholding there stamp of approval on things that exist but cannot be seen, a better summary of evidence, which could make the inability to see something an invalid criteria for belief. Could a summary of evidence be compiled that would support this: Our vision is incomplete, incorrect, and can even be as misleading as to create something within the brain that does not exist at all, shedding light on a b rain that is more of a visionary, and less of a reporter. Human beings rarely contemplate the significance of their own blind spot, a place where processes of neurons join together and form the optic nerve; it is here that the brain receives no input from the eye about this particular part of the world. What I discovered while entertaining myself with a simple eye exam aimed at divulging the capabilities of the brain in the face of the eyes blind spots was fundamental in my exploration of the trust we place in vision, and so I will explain it briefly. Our brain can ignore a dot that exists on the page and "fill" the spot with the color of its surroundings, no matter what the color. However, it is not that our brain cannot conceive of an image or of a shape to fill this place. Continuing with the experiment leads you to find that the brain will continue the line that is obstructed with the black dot, covering the sides of the dot in the surrounding color, and transforming the image before you into a line within your brain. A line that i s absolutely not there. This reveals more than just a weakness in the eye, but an ability of the brain! (1)

Financial Management Essay

Question 1-3 Suppose three honest individuals gave you their estimates of Stock X’s intrinsic value. One is your current roommate, the second is a professional security analyst with an excellent reputation on Wall Street, and the third is Company X’s CFO. If the three estimates differed, in which one would you have the most confidence? Why? Question 1-7 Should stockholder wealth maximization be thought of as a long-term or short-term goal? For example, if one action increases a firm’s stock price from a current level of $20 to $25 in 6 months and then to $30 in 5 years but another action keeps the stock at $20 for several years but then increases it to $40 in 5 years, which action would be better? Think of some specific corporate actions that have these general tendencies. Question 1-9 The president of Southern Semiconductor Corporation (SSC) made this statement in the company’s annual report: â€Å"SSC’s primary goal is to increase the value of our common stockholders’ equity.† Later in the report, the following announcements were made: a. The company contributed $1.5 million to the symphony orchestra in Birmingham, Alabama, its headquarters city. b. The company is spending $500 million to open a new plant and expand operations in China. No profits will be produced by the Chinese operation for 4 years, so earnings will be depressed during this period versus what they would have been had the decision been made not to expand in China. c. The company holds about half of its assets in the form in U.S. Treasury bonds, and it keeps these funds available for use in emergencies. In the future, though, SSC plans to shift its emergency funds from Treasury bonds to common stocks.

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse

Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse Introduction The Hyatt Regency Hotel was built in Kansas City, Missouri in 1978. This hotel consisted of a 40-story hotel tower and conference facilities, which were connected by an open concept atrium. Inside the atrium, there were three walkways that connected the hotel to the conference facilities on the second, third, and fourth floors. The atrium was 145 feet long, 117 feet wide and 50 feet high. On July 17, 1981, approximately 2,000 people had gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch a dance contest.Dozens stood on the walkways. At 7:05 PM, the walkways on the second, third, and fourth floor were packed with visitors as they watched over the active lobby, which was also full of people. The fourth floor bridge was suspended directly over the second floor bridge, with the third floor walkway set off to the side several meters away from the other two. Construction issues led to a subtle but flawed design change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway support beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of the second floor walkway.This new design could barely handle the dead load weight of the structure itself, much less the weight of the spectators standing on it. The connection failed and both walkways crashed one on top of the other and then into the lobby below, killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others. Mainbody FIG-1 FIG-2 Originally, the 2nd and 4th floor walkways were to be suspended from the same rod (as shown in fig-1) and held in place by nuts.The preliminary design sketches contained a note specifying a strength of 413 MPa for the hanger rods which was omitted on the final structural drawings. Following the general notes in the absence of a specification on the drawing, the contractor used hanger rods with only 248 MPa of strength. This original design, however, was highly impractical because it called for a nut 6. 1 meters up the hanger rod and did not use slee ve nuts. The contractor modified this detail to use 2 hanger rods instead of one (as shown in fig-2) and the engineer approved the design change without checking it.This design change doubled the stress exerted on the nut under the fourth floor beam. Now this nut supported the weight of 2 walkways instead of just one Conclution FIG-3 FIG-4 Neither the original nor the as-built design for the hanger rod satisfied the Kansas City building code making the connection failure inevitable. If, however, the building design had contained more redundancy this failure may not have resulted in the complete collapse of the walkway.Kaminetzky (1991) suggests two much stronger design alternatives for the connectors. The toe-to-toe channels used in the Hyatt Regency provided for weak welding which allowed the nut to pull through the channel/box beam assembly initiating the collapse. A back-to-back channel design using web stiffeners when necessary (fig-3) or the use of bearing crossplates in conjun ction with the toe-to-toe channels (fig-4) would have made the connection much stronger making it much more difficult for the nut to pull throughReferences Engineering Ethics – Lessons Learned: Kansas City Hyatt Walkway Collapse http://www. pdhengineer. com/Course%20Web/Law%20and%20Ethics%20Courses/hyatt_walkway_collapse. htm â€Å"Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse†. School of Engineering, University of Alabama. http://www. eng. uab. edu/cee/faculty/ndelatte/case_studies_project/Hyatt%20Regency/hyatt. htm#Causes Kaminetzky, Dov, Design and Construction Failures: Lessons from Forensic Investigations (1991). McGraw-Hill, New York, N. Y.

Evaluation Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essays

Evaluation Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essays Evaluation Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay Evaluation Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay The purpose of this research undertaking is a critical analysis of dark touristry in relation to its application to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum in New York, USA. This thesis will analyze dark touristry, related to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, shadiness of dark touristry, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and schemes of them, so to depth analysis of inside informations of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The literature reappraisal shows secondary research and quantitative research, conducted on dark touristry is, the shadiness model of dark touristry and some schemes of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. This indicates analyses construction of the instance survey. Through this thesis, the writer purpose and aims were achieved, and farther suggestions and analysis are provided which could assist Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum better match their purpose and mission. Chapter 1. Introduction In this subdivision, why Land Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum have been chosen as a instance survey are explained. September 11th, 2001 North America suffered a most serious terrorist onslaught by al Al-qaida. The World Trade Center in New York was destroyed and many people died in this onslaught. Nowadays, American and New York authorities decide construct Ground Zero in the site of the World Trade Center and construct the 9/11 Memorial Museum for people to remembers and understand how awful terrorist act is. After the 9/11 onslaughts, there are many people remembered victims through in many ways, and visitant Numberss increased. In recent old ages, the dark touristry has start to develop ( Sharpley and Stone, 2009 ) , and the 9/11 onslaughts shocked the whole universe therefore, Ground Zero as a new edifice and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as the chief memorial topographic point, these are the chief grounds for the writer taking them as a instance survey. These are related to dark touristry. Purpose: To set about critical analysis of dark touristry in relation to its application to Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. Aims: To critically measure dark touristry. To analyze Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as memorial sites. To measure touristry direction schemes in relation to equilibrating the negative and positive side of dark touristry associating to touristry at Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Chapter 2. Literature Reappraisal 2.1 Introduction This portion is composed of research and information into the significance of dark touristry and its assorted sunglassess shadiness, the state of affairs of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and the schemes used to pull off Ground Zero and memorial museum. 2.2 Evaluation of dark touristry Each touristry merchandise has a complex design, therefore it is non can easy to definite dark touristry as dark or light ( Stone, 2006 ) . In this state of affairs, in order to separate dark touristry, the writer needs a prudent graduated table to reason and analyze the shadiness of dark touristry. Stone ( 2006 ) made a sum-up of the different shadiness of dark touristry. Table 1: shadiness of dark touristry Beginnings: Rock ( 2006 ) : A dark touristry spectrum: sensed merchandise characteristics of dark touristry within a darkest lightest model of supply. Each dark touristry site could be analysed by this model, to specify its shadiness. For Land Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum the writer will utilize this tabular array to analyze the shadiness from the definition of dark touristry mentioned above, it is easy to see that dark touristry relates to decease and agony, Stone ( 2006 ) mentioning to Miles ( 2002 ) suggests that the difference between sites of decease and agony and sites associated with decease and agony should be understood. The former is the site at a topographic point where there has been decease and agony, and the latter is a site which is connected to decease and agony. Land Zero was built at the site of the World Trade Center, which was destroyed in 2001 and in which about 3000 people died ( CNN intelligence 2009 ) , Ground Zero corresponds to the sites of decease and agony . On the other manus 9/11 Memorial Museum is non built on the site of the World Trade Center, it merely near to the site and its chief inte nt is to work as a commemoration, so this museum is portion of the sites associated with decease and agony . However, thorough other facet in table 1 and based on the chief theory from Stone ( 2006 ) and Miles ( 2002 ) , the sunglassess of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum and impact of dark touristry will be analysed tardily in the Findings subdivision. 2.3 An analysis of Ground Zero. In 09/11/2001, there was an onslaught by terrorists and the World Trade Center was destroyed, New York is presently reconstructing this site which has a new name Land Zero . 9/11 was the deadliest terrorist onslaught in the history of world, and now there is a different attitude to related to this site. On May 1, 2011 President Obama announced that American Navy Seals had killed Osama bin Laden who was the originator of the 9/11 onslaughts. Alter ( 2011 ) points out that when America heard this intelligence they celebrated and reflected on, most of them traveling to the evidences of the White House in Washington and to Ground Zero in New York. In this manner Ground Zero may be a topographic point for Americans to retrieve the people who died on 11th September. Although the World Trade Center was destroyed, but now when the people look at Ground Zero, they will remember the memory of 9/11 and they mourn the dead people. In order to offer a good topographic point to people for memory the authorities is constructing a museum in 2006 and put into usage in 2011 ( 9/11 Memorial Museum ) . As can be seen from this topographic point today, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial museum becomes the chief topographic point to hold a memory of dead people. These information which mentioned above show one of the chief intent of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is to retrieve victims. In this sense, the provide information help the writer achieve the nonsubjective 2, which is Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are memorial sites in New York. Memory as the chief ground for Land Zero, and in recent old ages, particularly after 9/11 American authorities has been endlessly the implementating rigorous anti- terrorist act steps. Miller ( 2011 ) points that aˆÂ ¦the 9/11 terrorist onslaughts set the phase for the War on Terrorism, in the signifier of subsequent U.S led invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. In the yesteryear, there have been other terrorist onslaughts on America, but none created such a great influence, in the sense of 9/11 which meant terrorist declared war on worlds, and after this event the American authorities made a strong response to terrorist act, and the rebuilding at the site of the World Trade Center means people do non bow to terrorist act ( Walsh, 2001 ) . In this state of affairs, Ground Zero will be a mark of war on terrorist act. Because of the 9/11 terrorist act onslaughts, the U.S authorities launched a monolithic countermove to terrorist act, and besides affect on the policies and schemes. More inside informations will be analysed in the Findings subsequently. 2.4 Schemes of Ground Zero and 9/11 memorial museum. Sliverstein et al. , ( 2012 ) in their study refer to after the 9/11 the chief meaning and action of the World Trade Center is rebuild and memorial. Land Zero is the new edifice on the site of the World Trade Center and today the chief topographic point to retrieve 9/11 victims is at the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The writer summarises a clip line about the chief actions of America and New York between 2001 to 2011. Table 2: Main schemes of America and New York after the 9/11 This tabular array merely a summarise of the chief schemes and action that authorities used in the past 10 old ages. Through this tabular array could assist the writer clean understand the chief action of American and New York authorities to make after 9/11 terrorist act onslaughts. In the findings, the writer will utilize this tabular array to analysis more item of the authorities do and related to the significants of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to analyses. Except schemes and policies on table 2, the writer will based on Porter s ( 1985 ) generic scheme to do a professional schemes anaysis of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. There are two ways which suitable for Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum to accomplish their mission and assist the writer achieve nonsubjective 3: distinction and cost leading. Although the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are not-for-profits doing administrations but their chief intent is do more people understand 9/11 and how atrociou s terrorist act is. In this state of affairs, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum besides needed schemes to develop them. When an administration uses a different scheme, it seeks to offer something alone to its clients that they will appreciate. This can be found in marketing gross revenues or the existent merchandise or service. This scheme normally involves bear downing a premium monetary value to clients to cover the higher production costs and added-value characteristic. If a administration uses the cost leading scheme so it aims to be the lowest-cost manufacturer in the industry to which it belongs. This scheme is normally employed by a big concern that produces a criterion with small distinction. It will offer price reductions on the merchandises to farther addition net incomes and market portion ( Porter, 2004 ) . The footing of above-average public presentation within an industry is sustainable competitory advantage. A cost leading attack means a steadfast sets out to go the low cost manufacturer in its industry. Note that a cost leader must accomplish para or at least propinquity on the bases of distinction, even though it relies on cost leading for its competitory advantage, if more than one company purpose for cost leading, normally this is black, it is frequently achieved by economic systems of graduated table. In this instance survey, the Land Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for tourers, although some other museum besides feel free but the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum attempt to add more value on their merchandises. In the museum, the administration offers more utile value and information to clients ( 9/11 Memorial Museum Organisation ) more service inside informations will be analysed in the Findingss. The distinction attack means that a house seeks to be alone in its industry along some dimensions that are widely valued by purchasers ( Porter 2004 ) . A discriminator can non disregard its cost place. In all countries that do non impact its distinction, it should seek to diminish the cost ; in the distinction country, the costs should at least be lower than the monetary value premium it receives from the purchasers. The countries of distinction can be merchandise, distribution, gross revenues, selling, service and image. In this paper, because of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are free for clients, therefore the cost of merchandises in non gong to be the centre of analysis in this paper. How are Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum different? Based on Donofrio ( 2010 ) and Nevins ( 2005 ) refer that 9/11 is the most serious and atrocious terrorist onslaught in the history of world, and caused a really serious impact on worlds, particularly households. In this regard, Ground Z ero as the site of this terribel incident it has a particular significance, but besides it is the most direct topographic point for people to hold a commemoration for 9/11. For 9/11 Memorial Museum, today this site has become one of the most of import topographic points for people to retrieve 9/11. Because the topographic point of Land Zero is crowded by traffic, if excessively many people go at that place to for recollection it will impact on traffic, so the authorities built a museum near by the site of the World Trade Center. For the grounds mentioned above, the Land Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are different from other museum and dark touristry sites. Differentiation scheme is suited for them to supply a high degree of merchandises and services. In the findings the writer will do more analysis about these two schemes. 2.5 Decision This chapter makes a summarised rating of dark touristry, the writer pays more attending on the shadiness of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, this is in order to understand the nature of dark touristry, and the other portion assess the impact of dark touristry will be analysed in the Findingss. Because the writer considered understanding nature of the dark touristry could assist author to better analysis. Dark touristry is a whole industry, in this paper the writer chose Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum as instance survey, so in this portion writer besides give some short rating of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, a simple analysis the shadiness of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, and what their mean, it gives out a brief sum-up of them. The portion of 2.2 3 the writer based on the features of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum point out two suited schemes for them to develop, accomplish their mission and seek to offer a high degree of service and informatio n to tourers. In portion 2.2 of literature reappraisal, the writer gives out an overall model and construction of the whole paper, and expounded which different aspects the writer considered and analysed to accomplish the purpose of this paper based on other writers theories which author researched through secondary research and qualitative research. Chapter Three: Methodology 3.1 Introduction There are many different attack and methods to roll up informations and information in order to accomplish the ultimate end and work out the research inquiry. This chapter mentions how and why the research informations were collected, and besides advantages and disadvantages of the chosen methods and how to rectify the disadvantage are presented. The information collected are dependable, believable, and reliable. Steward and Kamins ( 1993 ) point out that the chief research methods could be divided into primary research, secondary research, qualitative research and quantitative research. As the writer determined the overall usage of secondary research was chosen in this undertaking to accomplish the purpose, so methodological analysis will supply sufficient justification to explicate why secondary research was selected. Thoms ( 2009 ) points out that successful research should include the undermentioned elements: intent, inquiry, attack, and method. Hart ( 2007. p28 ) argues that the process for explicating a method is a system of methods and regulations to be collected and analysis of informations and information. In the undermentioned paragraph the writer will follow Thoms ( 2009 ) and Hart s ( 2007 ) elements to show the methodological analysis and analyse why secondary research was chosen to roll up the informations and how to analyze the information. 3.2 The Research Procedure To find the pick of attack in the research procedure, the writer will utilize the undermentioned Research Process Onion theoretical account , introduced by Saunders et Al. ( 2003 ) is used. The research procedure onion allows the research worker to place the many different beds in the research procedure and to extinguish or place the most suited procedure. The research procedure onion consists of the undermentioned five different beds: The theoretical account is used by get downing from measure one, the outer bed, which illustrates research doctrine, and skining off the beds when different standards have been set until making the terminal, which introduces the possible informations aggregation methods. Once the last measure has been reached, the parametric quantities of the research have been established. 3.3 Type of research The first phase of the research onion is called research doctrine. Saunders et Al ( 2003, p. 83 ) argue that the research doctrine depends on aˆÂ ¦the manner that you think about the development of the cognition. There are four chief doctrines that are used to near the research: rationalist, interpretative, pragmatism, and phenomenology. There are two characteristics of positivism doctrine, they are belief that the natural and the societal scientific disciplines could assist the writer achieve the purpose through the aggregation of informations and information and to explicate, so offer an external world informations support and explicate the points ( Bryman 2001 ) . On the other manus, the interpretivistic doctrine asserts that the premises of both doctrines are indefensible ; particularly in instances where the aims of survey are influenced by many factors, and are highly hard to insulate and command in experimental research lab scenes ( Hirschheim and Klein 1994 ) . The realistic doctrine portions two characteristics with a positivism doctrine: a belief that the natural and the societal scientific disciplines should use the same sorts of attack to the aggregation of informations and to account, and a committedness to the position that there is an external world to which scientists direct their attending ( Bryman 2 001 ) . The first three are non appropriate to this survey as the rationalist paradigm requires chiefly quantitative informations and uses big samples ; interpretative paradigm is more concerned with bring forthing theories and pragmatism investigates relationship between two variables. The latter 1 has been used for this survey as it was the most suited for this type of research. The phenomenological attack can be applied to a individual instance, which is appropriate to this research survey as the research worker used one Land Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum as a instance survey for probe. The usage of phenomenology in the scenario so was to look into what presented itself that is the tourer attractive force, its installations and public presentation and so research behind the scenes and inquiry how the touristry operators sell themselves and of any particular techniques which are used to make this. This is summarized by Mariampolski ( 2001 ) : Harmonizing to phenomenology, the intent of the human scientific disciplines which presumptively includes market research is to prise beneath the surface to expose these classs and wonts of head that form out perceptual experiences. This research survey lends itself to a realistic attack, where the writer recognises that countries such as strategy and visitors attitudes can non be measured and studied in the same manner physical procedure can. Alternatively, the writer wants to detect the mechanisms that brought Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum prosper and where possible, will seek to mensurate the theory applied within the survey. The being of viing, or even accounts is one of the characteristics of realist research. ( Fisher, 2004. P 16 ) 3.4 Research schemes and attack The research aims were to look into the cardinal prosodies as indexs for success ; this involved conducting secondary research by analyzing informations and studies. Based on the aims, it can be said that this research is an explanatory survey. Harmonizing to Robson ( 1993 ) , this is a type of find is: What is go oning ; to seek new penetrations ; to inquire inquiries and to measure phenomena in a new visible radiation. Exploratory surveies are about detecting new information and bring forthing thoughts and hypotheses. The research worker explored the factors that contribute to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and how these topographic points deriving a competitory advantage as these were unknown prior to carry oning the survey. The attack to the survey involved a combination of inductive and deductive attacks, inductive because the research worker collected informations and so analysed it to pull decisions and offer theories ; deductive because the research worker studied old research and grounds through the literature reappraisal and so compared it to findings to see how they corresponded or contrasted with each other. The strength of inductive statements is frequently weaker than tax write-offs. Tax write-offs are certainties but inductive decisions are chances ( Fisher, 2004. P 76 ) These diverse methods country peculiarly suited for the research as it requires different analysis and allows for more research to be conducted and analysed. Some qualitative informations were used for secondary research, affecting analyzing statistic at figures which relates to the three aims in happening out the indexs of success. Once this information was analysed decisions were offered to how Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum additions a competitory advantage. 3.5 Research pick The survey will profit from the usage of current secondary information to do clear many of the contradictory findings throughout assorted writers work, hence, a report-based attack to data aggregation was adopted, by analyzing the one-year studies and studies conducted. In the undermentioned subdivision the writer will analyes why secondary research was chosen. Gene ( 1976 ) points out that secondary research is a manner to reanalyse informations to reply the inquiry, to accomplish the intent, or use old informations to reply a new inquiry. Therefore, secondary research is through books, diaries, web sites, or other research workers findings were used to roll up informations and stuff. For primary research and secondary research each have their ain advantages, for primary research, Steward and Kamins ( 1993 ) indicate that primary research have the undermentioned advantages. The first is primary research which could let the research worker collect the informations they want and report it in a good manner to back up the research worker. The 2nd is primary research enables the writer to better appreciation and command how the information is collected. The last is the manner to assist companies who under take primary research to maintain information hidden from the rivals and perchance offer an information advantage to these companies. Primary research has some lacks but for the writer, the undertaking s research will utilize the secondary research. The writer will first point out is to the advantages of secondary research. Steward and Kamins ( 1993 ) besides given some advantages of secondary research. The biggest advantage of secondary research is salvaging clip and cost, because secondary research allows the writer to utilize of secondary informations to back up a point of position and this will be easier, and sometimes secondary research could supply a higher quality of informations than from a new research, like primary research. If the writer wants to obtain some information about suggestions for job planning, research hypotheses and research methods, secondary research could supply these extra advantages. In add-on, secondary research besides helps research workers to clear up the issue they want to analyze, and old primary research can assist clear up the focal point of the survey. Although there are some lacks with secondary research, Bryman and Bell ( 2007, p.334 ) point out the restriction of secondary research as the undermentioned three: 1. Lack of informations associating to the research. 2. The information that are collected are complex ; some of these informations have a big figure of respondents and variables. 3. The quality of informations is non governable. 3.6. Construction of the research For this thesis, a batch of informations were obtained from mentions beginning such as books, diaries, studies, and webs. Most books which author found were in university library. Not merely books, but besides a big figure of diaries, magazines, E bookwere used. For secondary research, the writer besides included information from found web sites. The web of all the information from the New York authorities web sites, local authorities web sites, other studies, and Emerald, in these informations besides include information from E books, these can guarantee the information s genuineness, dependability, truth and credibleness. Real informations are better to back up this thesis, and do this thesis more believable and do up defect of secondary research. Harmonizing to the purpose and aims, there is much information and information to back up this thesis, nevertheless, many of these informations beginnings are non irrelevant. For this ground, the writer will see many facets of this thesis to take the relevant, believable, accurate information, the writer will besides see the quality of informations, twelvemonth of information, and when it was published. 3.7 Assessment conventional Rudestam and Newton ( 2001, p. 60 ) argue that you need to maintain a position, and do an rating of the advantages of this survey, at the same clip do a comparative survey with same or similar jobs. The intent of the appraisal diagram is to guarantee that informations aggregation is believable, dependable, effectual and could be used for this survey. 1. Survey of major issues: Analysis of what are the chief issues to be investigated and definition of the construct of the writer s work, allows comparing of similar surveies. 2. Hypothesiss To ask and measure what hypotheses has been stated and whether the theoretical model is narrowed or broadened 3.The appropriate informations for the survey To oppugn whether the collected informations are appropriate and how they have influenced consequences and findings. 3.8 Decision This chapter explains why the writer would take secondary research to roll up and measure informations. Meanwhile, the writer besides cognizant of the restriction of secondary research, hence, the writer would analysis more information and theories to back up this survey. In this portion, the construction will be illustrated that how the writer collect information, how to choose suited, right and accurate information. Chapter 4 Findingss 4.1 Evaluation of Dark Tourism. Part 4.1 will present the state of affairs of dark touristry and supply a depth analysis of dark touristry in order for the reader to derive an overall construct of dark touristry, and the inside informations of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum will be given in portion 4.2. This paper uses Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum for the instance survey. The museum is a sort of exhibition demoing images, voices, and experiences, hence, this portion critically examines the value that modern-day and controversial exhibitions techniques play in the visitant experience at sites of historical significance. Harmonizing to Lennon ( 2000 ) , dark touristry is a sort of touristry products that signify a cardinal displacement in the manner in which decease, catastrophe and atrociousness are being handled. Sharpley and Stone ( 2011 ) besides indicate out that dark touristry includes travel to sites about deceases, catastrophes and atrociousnesss. It can be easy to understand the definition of dark touristry ( besides known as black touristry or grief touristry ) as a sort of touristry merchandise, intending a topographic point that people visit in memory of decease, catastrophe, agony, force or atrociousness. One emerging country of particular involvement has been identified by Lennon et Al. ( 2000 ) as dark touristry. This type of touristry involves visits to dark sites such as battlefields, scenes of hideous offenses or Acts of the Apostless of race murder, for illustration concentration cantonments. Dark touristry remains a little niche market, driven by a broad assortment of visitant motives such as bereavement, recollection, instruction, ghastly wonder or even amusement, depending on the societal, cultural and political context ( Stone, 2006 ) . In this survey, the writer takes a impersonal stance on this issue. There are both positive and negative facets in modern-day exhibition techniques. Consequently, a peculiarly complex issue revolves around the ingestion of dark touristry. Peoples normally visit such dark sites for affectional and controversial thoughts. Person, within modern-day society, visits such topographic points out of regard and recollection. Person could obtain a se cret pleasance in staring on the macabre. While, some people contemplate their ain mortality at such attractive forces and exhibitions ( Stone, 2006 ) . Presents, visitants are no longer satisfied to droop on the beach or gather around the hotel saloon with other tourers. The increasing attending paid to the phenomenon of dark touristry may arguably be diagnostic of the tendency within academic circles to place and label specific signifiers of touristry, or to subdivide touristry into niche merchandises and markets ( Novelli, 2005 ) . Visiting Nazi decease cantonments in eastern Europe as a vacation itinerary, basking household field daies on the battlegrounds in northern France, buying keepsakes at Ground Zero and leting schoolchildren to stare upon tools of anguish at the London Dungeon, are all illustrations of the macabre exhibition. Consequently, the term dark touristry has been bit by bit come ining the populace, such as academic and media discourse. By definition, dark touristry mean the visits, knowing or otherwise, to purposeful / non-purposeful sites which offer a presentation of decease or agony ( Stone, 2005 ) . Similarly, Tarlow ( 2005 ) identifies dark touristry as trials to topographic points where calamities or historic deceases have occurred and that continue to impact on people`s lives. Dark touristry sites can be divided into several classs and can be defined in footings of site construction and tourer experience characteristics. The usual type of site is interpretative and historical, whether it is located at the primary scene of an atrociousness or at a geographically unrelated topographic point. Often taking on the signifier of a museum, such topographic points exhibit a narrative and an event-based position of force, taking the tourers through the history and inside informations of a peculiar calamity. An in-context technique, ( Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 1998 ) to contextualise via labelling and account, characterises such shows and works to show force as interpretable and cognitive through instruction and information. 4.1-1 Positive affects of dark touristry Tung and Ritchie ( 2011 ) states that touristry is a manner for people seek the experiences and open a manner to soaking up of those experiences. Peoples cod experiences through travel, travel different topographic point, run into different people and civilization and experiment different life manner. Understand universe could assist us understand ourselves and develop ourselves ( Lanterman 2007 referred to Boniface 1998 ) . Although people can larn many things from school, but experiences of life should experiment by people themselves, touristry provides a manner to us to larn. In ancient clip, Marco Polo traveled to Asia from Europe, when he backed to his state, he brought many progress engineering to his state and made European experiment a batch of new things which they neer saw before. Today, with developing of dark touristry, there are many new things for tourers to see enrich themselves. With the grade of substructure and normalcy that surround the supply of dark touristry, even on changing graduated tables ( Stone and Sharpley, 2009 ) , the progressively socially acceptable regard on decease and its reconceptualisation either for amusement, instruction or memorial intent offers both the person and corporate ego a practical confrontational mechanism to get down the procedure of neutralizing the impact of mortality. The educational significance of dark touristry. Sharpley et Al. ( 2010 ) pr